In Edgar Degas’s Trois danseuses, 1880, three ballerinas stand away from us with their backs turned, seemingly unaware of the artist’s and viewer’s gazes. Using pastel and charcoal to masterfully highlight the effects of stage lights and shadows, the present work emphasizes the artist’s fascination with the simplest moments, and movements, of everyday life, and his preoccupation with the human body.
“People call me the painter of dancing girls. It has never occurred to them that my chief interest in dancers lies in rendering movement and painting pretty clothes.”
—Edgar DegasFirst exploring the dancer motif with Portrait of Mlle Fiocre in the Ballet “La Source” (Portrait de Mlle...E[ugénie] F[iocre]: à propos du ballet “La Source”),Brooklyn Museum, 1867-1868, Degas was drawn to the graceful and ethereal movements of ballerinas. With the opening of the Palais Garnier (the Paris Opera House) in 1861, Degas was able to more closely study the hidden world of ballet, focusing primarily on off-stage moments. This is highlighted in Trois danseuses, in which Degas captures the moment just before the ballerinas perform. The dancers’ poses are natural, not staged, allowing for an organic exploration into the unexpected angles and postures of the human form. Depicting the dancer motif more than 1,500 times throughout his practice in various mediums, the present work provides the viewer with a glance into intimate moments that are so characteristic of the artist’s practice.
Though one of the leading organizers of the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874, Degas differed from his contemporaries, choosing to paint and draw in the studio rather than adopting the en plein air techniques of the time. He favored the artificial lighting of theaters and cafés to study his figures, rather than outdoor natural light. This preference is evident in the present work, which features the stark white pigment of pastel—adopted as his medium of choice in the 1880s—to represent fluorescent stage lights. The three dancers’ bodies are cloaked in their glow, demonstrating the interplays of light and shadow which the artist has become famous for. Similarly, Degas’ rejection of the techniques of the time reflects a deep obsession with the human form and its movements, rather than the fleeting qualities of sunlight and landscape. By isolating his figures into smaller groups or focusing on individuals, Degas was able to more closely observe his subjects in everyday environments, illustrating a more modern view of Parisian life as compared to the traditional portrait tradition which preceded him. The artist’s focus on these unposed moments in everyday life is reflective of his art historical legacy, cementing him as a pioneer of portraiture in contemporary art today.
Provenance
Eugène Blot, Paris His sale, Hôtel Drouot, Paris, May 10, 1900, lot 187 Jacques Doucet, Paris (acquired at the above sale) Hôtel Drouot, Paris, December 28, 1917, lot 77 Paul Rosenberg, Paris (acquired at the above sale) A.P. Rosenberg & Co., Inc., Paris Private Collection, United States (acquired by 1958) Christie's, New York, November 15, 1990, lot 111 Acquired at the above sale by the present owner
Exhibited
Los Angeles, County Museum, Edgar Hilarie Germain Degas, March 1958, no. 38, p. 46 (illustrated) Omaha, Joslyn Art Museum; Williamstown, Massachusetts, Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute; The Baltimore Museum of Art, Degas and the Little Dancer, February 7, 1998–January 3, 1999, no. 32, pp. 141, 174 (illustrated, p. 141; titled Study of Three Dancers)
Literature
Paul Lafond, Degas, vol. II, Paris, 1919, no. 36 (illustrated) Henri Rivière, Les Dessins de Degas, Paris, 1924, no. 9, pp. 4, 95 (illustrated, p. 95) Paul-André Lemoisne, Degas et son oeuvre, vol. II, Paris, 1946, no. 579, pp. 326–327 (illustrated, p. 327) Lillian Browse, Degas Dancers, London, 1949, pl. 93, pp. 175, 369 (illustrated, p. 175) Jaromír Pečírka, Edgar Degas: pastels, lavis, gouaches, esquisses, Prague, 1963, no. 52, n.p. (illustrated, dated 1885-88) Degas: The Dancers, exh. cat., The National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1984, fig. 3.5, p. 77 (illustrated, dated circa 1878-1880)
signed "Degas" lower right; inscribed "vue de dessus" upper right pastel and charcoal on buff-colored wove paper image 17 1/4 x 23 in. (43.8 x 58.4 cm) sheet 18 1/2 x 24 1/4 in. (47 x 61.6 cm) Executed in 1880.