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"My goal is that LOVE should cover the world."
—Robert IndianaAn iconic subject of both Robert Indiana’s body of work and the Pop art movement as a whole, the artist’s LOVE series has in effect become its own artistic phenomenon. These four letters arranged in a grid is “almost a universal signifier” and “has become a culturally owned image that no longer signifies its author,” said Susan Elizabeth in her biography on the artist.i Indiana's LOVE has achieved global recognition since its conception in 1966, and versions of the work have been installed in esteemed public and private collections across the United States, as well as in Canada, Europe, South America, Asia, and Israel. Conceived in 1966 and executed in 1999, LOVE (Violet Faces Red Sides) is a six-foot-tall example with a vibrant color combination of purple and crimson. Like the monumental sculpture which currently welcomes visitors to the artist’s first major exhibition in the United Kingdom in Yorkshire Sculpture Park, which opened earlier this year, LOVE (Violet Faces Red Sides) illustrates Indiana’s use of text-based imagery as a way to transcend the boundaries of Minimalism and Pop art, resulting in a universal symbol that has become timeless.
"Versions of the two-letters-over-two motif have appeared on paperweights, postage stamps and wallpaper – in every medium from solid gold to solid chocolate. It is an internationally recognized icon that still circulates in new versions today."
—Susan Elizabethii
Robert Indiana with his LOVE sculpture in Central Park, New York City, 1971, Image: Jack Mitchell / Getty Images, Artwork: © 2022 Morgan Art Foundation Ltd./ Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York
The Origin of Indiana’s LOVE
For Indiana, the concept for the LOVE series originated from his childhood memories, particularly his frequent visits to a Christian Scientist church where the phrase “God is Love” was often preached. The original colors used in the first LOVE sculpture—red, green and blue—pay homage to the sign for Phillips 66, a gasoline station located in the Midwest where the artist’s father worked. Indiana remained fixated on the primary colors in the signage and chose to replicate them in the first official LOVE work—a commissioned Christmas card for the Museum of Modern Art, New York in 1965. Even before this, however, the word “love” appeared frequently within Indiana’s oeuvre—first in a series of poems composed in 1958, and a few years later in his seminal paintings Four Star Love, 1961, Portland Museum of Art, and Maine and Love is God, 1964. In an interview about the connection between the 1958 poems and the LOVE series, Indiana stated “I am talking to you from a room where I am surrounded by my own love poetry. In it I speak of the actual configuration of the four letters and what else they might symbolize.”iii It was his explorations of the word in two-dimensional prints and paintings that laid the groundwork for Indiana to propel the block letters into the third dimension. By transposing the abstract concept of “love” into a tangible three-dimensional object, one that can be seen and touched, Indiana turned the Pop symbol into a conceptual one. He said, “the 'LOVE Sculpture' is the culmination of ten years of work based on the original premise that the word is an appropriated and usable element of art, just as Picasso and the Cubists made use of it at the beginning of the century, which evolved inevitably, in both my 'LOVE' paintings and sculpture, into the concept that the word is also a fit and viable subject for art.”iv
LOVE in a Contemporary Context
The immediate recognizability of Indiana’s LOVE is even more powerful in the age of new media and the incredible potential of image circulation. As Aaron Ott noted, “LOVE is capable of holding meaning in a variety of histories. It was created in the shadow of hippie culture but powerful enough to escape that orbit in order to resonate in numerous contemporary and personalized contexts.”v LOVE (Violet Faces Red Sides) crystallizes many of the major themes that Robert Indiana has investigated throughout his career, and one of the most fascinating aspects of this work is its ability to remain timeless and contemporary at the same time. On the occasion of Yorkshire Sculpture Park’s current exhibition, director Clare Lilly articulated just how timeless this art is: “I hope that this exhibition is one that lifts people and frankly reminds us all of the importance of love, the importance of community, and the importance of being together.”vi
i Susan Elizabeth Ryan, Robert Indiana: Figures of Speech, New Haven, 2000.
ii Ibid.
iii Robert Indiana interviewed by Sarah Douglas, “Conversation with . . . Robert Indiana,” Art & Auction 32, September, 2008, p. 71.
iv Artist Statement, published in “Robert Indiana,” Art Now: New York, March, 1969.
v Aaron Ott, Robert Indiana: A Sculpture Retrospective, exh. cat., Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, 2018, p. 87.
vi Clare Lilly quoted in Naomi Rea, “The U.K.’s First Major Robert Indiana Survey Pulls Out All the Stops to Make the Case for Him as a Multifaceted Pop Master,” Artnet News, March 11, 2022, onlineProvenance
Morgan Art Foundation Ltd., New York
Private Collection (acquired from the above in 2009)
Acquired from the above by the present owner
126
LOVE (Violet Faces Red Sides)
stamped with the artist's name, number and date "© 1966–1999 R INDIANA 3/6" and the Milgo/Bufkin foundry mark on the lower interior edge of the E
polychromed aluminum
72 x 72 x 36 in. (182.9 x 182.9 x 91.4 cm)
Conceived in 1966 and executed in 1999, this work is number 3 from an edition of 6 plus 4 artist's proofs.
Estimate
$600,000 - 800,000
Sold for $724,500
Annie Dolan
Specialist, Head of Day Sale, Morning Session
+1 212 940 1288
adolan@phillips.com
20th Century & Contemporary Art Day Sale, Morning Session
New York Auction 19 May 2022
101
Gerhard Richter
4.10.85 (3)
Estimate $20,000 - 30,000
Sold for $73,080
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102
Gerhard Richter
22.5.86 (2)
Estimate $15,000 - 20,000
Sold for $60,480
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103
Gerhard Richter
7.12.85
Estimate $120,000 - 180,000
Sold for $252,000
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104
Gerhard Richter
12.12.85
Estimate $120,000 - 180,000
Sold for $239,400
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105
Gerhard Richter
8.3.85
Estimate $120,000 - 180,000
Sold for $151,200
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106
Gerhard Richter
Nach 'Fallschirm' (After 'Parachute')
Estimate $120,000 - 180,000
Sold for $163,800
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107
Gerhard Richter
8.1.84 (1)
Estimate $15,000 - 20,000
Sold for $22,680
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108
Gerhard Richter
8.1.84 (2)
Estimate $15,000 - 20,000
Sold for $18,900
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109
Theodoros Stamos
Jewel of Memory
Estimate $15,000 - 20,000
Sold for $81,900
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110
Adolph Gottlieb
Two Figures
Estimate $50,000 - 70,000
Sold for $55,440
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111
Sam Francis
Untitled (SF88-399)
Estimate $150,000 - 250,000
Sold for $302,400
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112
John Chamberlain
The Vagabond's Prayer
Estimate $400,000 - 600,000
Sold for $378,000
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113
Sam Gilliam
With Blue and...
Estimate $200,000 - 300,000
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114
Vivian Springford
Untitled
Estimate $70,000 - 100,000
Sold for $144,900
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115
Mary Heilmann
Yellow, Red + Blue Drawing
Estimate $25,000 - 35,000
Sold for $126,000
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116
Mary Heilmann
Le Mans
Estimate $70,000 - 100,000
Sold for $189,000
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117
David Smith
Main Pribilof
Estimate $300,000 - 400,000
Sold for $277,200
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118
Norman Lewis
Eye of the Storm
Estimate $500,000 - 700,000
Sold for $604,800
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119
This lot is no longer available.
120
Jean-Michel Basquiat
Untitled
Estimate $600,000 - 800,000
Sold for $877,000
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121
George Condo
Untitled
Estimate $250,000 - 350,000
Sold for $504,000
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122
Dondi White
Reign Man Cometh
Estimate $40,000 - 60,000
Sold for $44,100
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123
Jean Dubuffet
Mire G 67 (Boléro)
Estimate $180,000 - 250,000
Sold for $214,200
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124
Kenny Scharf
PRIMARYBLOBZ
Estimate $80,000 - 120,000
Sold for $214,200
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125
Kenny Scharf
DR. PURPLE
Estimate $120,000 - 180,000
Sold for $302,400
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126
Robert Indiana
LOVE (Violet Faces Red Sides)
Estimate $600,000 - 800,000
Sold for $724,500
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127
Robert Indiana
Picasso
Estimate $600,000 - 800,000
Sold for $1,058,500
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128
Jim Dine
The King of Patches
Estimate $80,000 - 120,000
Sold for $113,400
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129
James Rosenquist
The Serenade for the Doll after Claude Debussy, Gift Wrapped Doll #22
Estimate $120,000 - 200,000
Sold for $138,600
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130
Alex Katz
Untitled
Estimate $150,000 - 200,000
Sold for $403,200
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131
Andy Warhol
Portrait of Hans Preben Smith
Estimate $100,000 - 150,000
Sold for $201,600
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132
Richard Pettibone
Roy Lichtenstein, 'Seductive Girl', 1964 Purple-Yellow
Estimate $15,000 - 20,000
Sold for $69,300
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133
Richard Pettibone
Andy Warhol, 'Mao'
Estimate $15,000 - 20,000
Sold for $20,160
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134
Richard Pettibone
Andy Warhol, ‘Two Jackies', 1964
Estimate $15,000 - 20,000
Sold for $37,800
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135
Richard Pettibone
Andy Warhol, 'Scotch Broth Soup', 1962
Estimate $15,000 - 20,000
Sold for $32,760
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136
Richard Pettibone
Andy Warhol, 'Campbell’s Soup Can', 1962
Estimate $15,000 - 20,000
Sold for $37,800
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137
Jim Dine
Two Hearts (Due Cuori)
Estimate $10,000 - 15,000
Sold for $69,300
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138
Tom Wesselmann
Final Study for Kate Nude
Estimate $70,000 - 100,000
Sold for $115,920
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139
Peter Saul
Bush Over Baghdad
Estimate $100,000 - 150,000
Sold for $163,800
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140
Malcolm Morley
Aegean Crime
Estimate $150,000 - 200,000
Sold for $327,600
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141
Ed Paschke
Dumattica
Estimate $20,000 - 30,000
Sold for $16,380
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142
Robert Colescott
Crocodile in the Sewer
Estimate $25,000 - 35,000
Sold for $52,920
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143
Philip Guston
Untitled (Drawing from the Phlebitis Series)
Estimate $80,000 - 120,000
Sold for $88,200
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144
Larry Rivers
Last Civil War Veteran
Estimate $20,000 - 30,000
Sold for $47,880
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145
Andy Warhol
Gun
Estimate $50,000 - 70,000
Sold for $126,000
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146
Ed Ruscha
Statistical Significance
Estimate $150,000 - 200,000
Sold for $189,000
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147
David Hockney
The Arrival of Spring in Woldgate, East Yorkshire in 2011 (twenty eleven) - 17 April
Estimate $150,000 - 200,000
Sold for $277,200
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148
Jennifer Bartlett
In the Garden #108
Estimate $80,000 - 120,000
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149
John Baldessari
Woman Looking at Plant (With Two Carrots)
Estimate $350,000 - 450,000
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150
Charles Ray
All my Clothes
Estimate $100,000 - 150,000
Sold for $170,100
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151
Vito Acconci
Modular Fluorescent Sofa
Estimate $30,000 - 50,000
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152
John McCracken
IOS
Estimate $60,000 - 80,000
Sold for $151,200
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153
Brice Marden
Untitled
Estimate $70,000 - 100,000
Sold for $75,600
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154
Sol LeWitt
Wall Drawing #1023: Isometric form
Estimate $120,000 - 180,000
Sold for $151,200
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155
Sam Gilliam
Reef II
Estimate $100,000 - 150,000
Sold for $371,700
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156
Sam Gilliam
Shimmering Pisces
Estimate $250,000 - 350,000
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157
Louise Nevelson
Rain Forest Column XXI
Estimate $100,000 - 150,000
Sold for $630,000
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158
Louise Nevelson
The Wedding Present
Estimate $300,000 - 400,000
Sold for $352,800
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159
Thierry De Cordier
Je Suis le Monde!
Estimate $80,000 - 120,000
Sold for $107,100
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160
John Chamberlain
Maquette
Estimate $30,000 - 50,000
Sold for $126,000
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161
Louise Nevelson
Cityscape
Estimate $35,000 - 50,000
Sold for $52,920
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162
Louise Bourgeois
Femme
Estimate $150,000 - 200,000
Sold for $352,800
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163
Louise Bourgeois
Untitled
Estimate $60,000 - 80,000
Sold for $100,800
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164
Alice Rahon
Main Street
Estimate $20,000 - 30,000
Sold for $44,100
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165
Alice Rahon
Dans la nuit du commencement
Estimate $50,000 - 70,000
Sold for $69,300
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166
Joseph Cornell
J. Eagels Autumnal - Spring
Estimate $40,000 - 60,000
Sold for $47,880
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167
Joseph Cornell
Isle of Children
Estimate $30,000 - 40,000
Sold for $63,000
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168
Joseph Cornell
Dovecote
Estimate $50,000 - 70,000
Sold for $63,000
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169
Joseph Cornell
Untitled
Estimate $5,000 - 7,000
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170
Joseph Cornell
The Garden Party
Estimate $7,000 - 10,000
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171
Alexander Calder
18 works: (i-xviii) Untitled
Estimate $25,000 - 35,000
Sold for $56,700
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172
Jamie Wyeth
Duck, Fence, and Stump
Estimate $50,000 - 70,000
Sold for $44,100
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173
Giorgio Morandi
Natura morta
Estimate $20,000 - 30,000
Sold for $25,200
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174
Fernand Léger
Femme à l'écharpe (Mrs. Chester Dale)
Estimate $35,000 - 45,000
Sold for $50,400
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175
Pablo Picasso
Two works: (i-ii) Maternité
Estimate $70,000 - 100,000
Sold for $107,100
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176
Francisco Zúñiga
Desnudo de anciana
Estimate $80,000 - 120,000
Sold for $59,850
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177
Fernando Botero
Woman with Serpent
Estimate $120,000 - 180,000
Sold for $176,400
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178
Salvador Dalí
Head of Dante
Estimate $30,000 - 50,000
Sold for $100,800
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179
Édouard Vuillard
La pipe
Estimate $20,000 - 30,000
Sold for $35,280
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180
Armand Guillaumin
Vue de la pointe d’Ivry
Estimate $80,000 - 120,000
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181
This lot is no longer available.
182
Fernand Léger
Untitled
Estimate $3,000 - 5,000
Sold for $44,100
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183
Georges Valmier
Untitled
Estimate $7,000 - 10,000
Sold for $11,970
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184
Georges Valmier
Untitled
Estimate $7,000 - 10,000
Sold for $6,930
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185
José Mijares
Lo concreto en rojo
Estimate $30,000 - 50,000
Sold for $50,400
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186
George Rickey
Inverted Column
Estimate $18,000 - 25,000
Sold for $40,320
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187
Larry Bell
9/11
Estimate $12,000 - 18,000
Sold for $11,970
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188
Suzan Frecon
Light & Earth
Estimate $70,000 - 100,000
Sold for $75,600
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189
Sam Gilliam
Untitled
Estimate $15,000 - 20,000
Sold for $88,200
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190
Louise Fishman
Door to the Studio
Estimate $6,000 - 8,000
Sold for $13,860
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191
Louise Fishman
Moment of Change
Estimate $12,000 - 18,000
Sold for $57,960
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192
Hermann Nitsch
Untitled
Estimate $15,000 - 20,000
Sold for $52,920
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193
Jules Olitski
Empress Love - 2
Estimate $10,000 - 15,000
Sold for $52,920
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194
Larry Poons
Untitled
Estimate $50,000 - 70,000
Sold for $157,500
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195
Ross Bleckner
Untitled
Estimate $40,000 - 60,000
Sold for $81,900
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196
Francesco Clemente
Ativiam
Estimate $12,000 - 18,000
Sold for $30,240
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197
George Condo
Etruscan Study
Estimate $80,000 - 120,000
Sold for $151,200
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198
John Wesley
Bonnets
Estimate $20,000 - 30,000
Sold for $37,800
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199
Ed Ruscha
So
Estimate $30,000 - 40,000
Sold for $119,700
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200
Andy Warhol
Two works: (i) Cabbage Patch Doll (Girl); (ii) Cabbage Patch Doll (Boy)
Estimate $30,000 - 40,000
Sold for $27,720
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201
Andy Warhol
Heinz Kosher Dill Pickles Jar with Alarm
Estimate $6,000 - 8,000
Sold for $18,900
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202
Andy Warhol
Three works (i-iii): Self-Portrait
Estimate $40,000 - 60,000
Sold for $50,400
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203
Gerhard Richter
Guildenstern
Estimate $20,000 - 30,000
Sold for $16,380
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204
Franz West
Untitled (Rasenmacher No. 80)
Estimate $25,000 - 35,000
Sold for $47,880
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205
James Lee Byars
Compositie
Estimate $6,000 - 9,000
Sold for $8,190
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206
Richard Artschwager
Untitled
Estimate $30,000 - 50,000
Sold for $37,800
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207
Wolf Kahn
Adams Barn
Estimate $30,000 - 50,000
Sold for $88,200
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